Text of the provision
Art. 446. All works, sowing, and planting are presumed made by the owner and at his expense, unless the contrary is proved.
(359)
Civil Code of the Philippines, Republic Act No. 386, approved June 18, 1949, effective August 30, 1950. Reproduced in full; verified verbatim against the LawPhil and ChanRobles official-text renderings.
What this article means
All works, sowing, and planting on land are presumed made by the owner and at their expense unless the contrary is proved. The burden falls on anyone claiming that a builder or planter other than the owner did the work.
Related provisions
- Article 445 — Accession With Respect to Immovables.
- Article 447 — Landowner Building With Another's Materials.
Cases interpreting this article
- Authorities on this article will be added here as each is verified against primary sources.
Note. The text of the provision above is reproduced in full from the official enactment (Republic Act No. 386), verified against the LawPhil and ChanRobles renderings. The annotation and commentary around it are the work of Vivas & Nobles Law Office and are general legal information, not legal advice. How a provision applies to a particular situation depends on facts that only a lawyer reviewing your case can assess.