The Civil Code of the Philippines

The Civil Code is the foundation of Philippine private law — it governs the effect of laws, human relations, persons, property, the different modes of acquiring ownership (including succession), and obligations and contracts. It was approved on June 18, 1949 and took effect on August 30, 1950.

We are publishing it article by article: the official text of each provision, a plain-language annotation, and the cases that determine how it is read today. Articles are added as they are annotated and reviewed — a working library, not a dump. (The Code's original provisions on marriage and family relations were repealed by the Family Code and are covered there, not here.)

Preliminary Title, Chapter 1 — Effect and Application of Laws

• Article 1 — Title of the Code. Published.
• Article 2 — When Laws Take Effect. Published.
• Article 3 — Ignorance of the Law Excuses No One. Published.
• Article 4 — No Retroactive Effect of Laws. Published.
• Article 5 — Acts Against Mandatory or Prohibitory Laws Are Void. Published.
• Article 6 — Waiver of Rights. Published.
• Article 7 — How Laws Are Repealed; Supremacy of the Constitution. Published.
• Article 8 — Judicial Decisions Form Part of the Law. Published.
• Article 9 — Duty of Courts to Decide. Published.
• Article 10 — Presumption of Right and Justice. Published.
• Article 11 — Customs Contrary to Law. Published.
• Article 12 — Custom Must Be Proved. Published.
• Article 13 — Computation of Periods. Published.
• Article 14 — Territoriality of Penal Laws. Published.
• Article 15 — Nationality Rule (Status and Capacity). Published.
• Article 17 — Forms of Acts; Lex Loci Celebrationis. Published.
• Article 18 — Civil Code as Suppletory Law. Published.

Preliminary Title, Chapter 2 — Human Relations

• Article 19 — Abuse of Rights (Principle of Human Relations). Published.
• Article 20 — Damage Contrary to Law. Published.
• Article 22 — Unjust Enrichment (Accion In Rem Verso). Published.
• Article 23 — Liability for Benefit Received Without Fault. Published.
• Article 24 — Protection of the Disadvantaged Party. Published.
• Article 25 — Restraint of Thoughtless Extravagance. Published.
• Article 26 — Respect for Dignity, Privacy and Peace of Mind. Published.
• Article 28 — Unfair Competition. Published.
• Article 29 — Civil Action After Acquittal on Reasonable Doubt. Published.
• Article 30 — Separate Civil Action for Civil Liability From a Crime. Published.
• Article 31 — Civil Action Independent of the Criminal. Published.
• Article 33 — Independent Civil Action (Defamation, Fraud, Physical Injuries). Published.
• Article 34 — Liability of Police for Refusing Aid. Published.
• Article 35 — Civil Action Where No Criminal Case Prospers. Published.
• Article 36 — Prejudicial Questions. Published.

Book I, Title I — Civil Personality

• Article 37 — Juridical Capacity and Capacity to Act. Published.
• Article 38 — Restrictions on Capacity to Act. Published.
• Article 39 — Circumstances Modifying Capacity to Act. Published.
• Article 40 — Birth Determines Personality. Published.
• Article 42 — Death Extinguishes Personality. Published.
• Article 43 — Presumption on Simultaneous Death. Published.
• Article 44 — Who Are Juridical Persons. Published.
• Article 45 — Laws Governing Juridical Persons. Published.
• Article 46 — Powers of Juridical Persons. Published.
• Article 47 — Disposition of Assets on Dissolution of a Public-Interest Corporation. Published.

Book I, Title II — Citizenship and Domicile

• Article 49 — Naturalization and Citizenship Governed by Special Laws. Published.
• Article 50 — Domicile of Natural Persons. Published.
• Article 51 — Domicile of Juridical Persons. Published.

Book II, Title I — Classification of Property

• Article 414 — Immovable and Movable Property. Published.
• Article 415 — What Is Immovable Property. Published.
• Article 417 — What Else Is Personal Property. Published.
• Article 418 — Consumable and Non-consumable Movables. Published.
• Article 419 — Public Dominion and Private Ownership. Published.
• Article 420 — Property of Public Dominion. Published.
• Article 421 — Patrimonial Property of the State. Published.
• Article 422 — Conversion to Patrimonial Property. Published.
• Article 423 — Property of Local Governments. Published.
• Article 424 — Local Property for Public Use. Published.

Book II, Title II — Ownership in General

• Article 427 — Ownership of Things or Rights. Published.
• Article 428 — The Rights of an Owner. Published.
• Article 429 — Doctrine of Self-Help. Published.
• Article 430 — Right to Enclose. Published.
• Article 431 — Owner May Not Injure Others (Sic Utere Tuo). Published.
• Article 432 — State of Necessity. Published.
• Article 433 — Presumption of Ownership From Possession. Published.
• Article 434 — Requisites to Recover Property. Published.
• Article 435 — Protection Against Deprivation (Expropriation). Published.
• Article 439 — What Is Treasure. Published.

Book II, Title II — Right of Accession

• Article 440 — Right of Accession. Published.
• Article 441 — Fruits Belong to the Owner. Published.
• Article 442 — Kinds of Fruits Defined. Published.
• Article 443 — Expenses on Fruits. Published.
• Article 444 — When Fruits Are Deemed Existing. Published.
• Article 445 — Accession With Respect to Immovables. Published.
• Article 446 — Presumption of Owner's Work. Published.
• Article 447 — Landowner Building With Another's Materials. Published.
• Article 448 — Builder, Planter, Sower in Good Faith. Published.
• Article 449 — Builder in Bad Faith Loses Everything. Published.
• Article 450 — Landowner's Options Against a Bad-Faith Builder. Published.
• Article 451 — Landowner's Right to Damages. Published.
• Article 452 — Bad-Faith Builder's Necessary Expenses. Published.
• Article 453 — Bad Faith on Both Sides. Published.
• Article 454 — Landowner in Bad Faith, Builder in Good Faith. Published.
• Article 455 — Third Person's Materials. Published.
• Article 456 — Good Faith and Negligence. Published.
• Article 457 — Alluvion. Published.
• Article 458 — Ponds and Lagoons. Published.
• Article 459 — Avulsion. Published.
• Article 460 — Uprooted Trees. Published.
• Article 461 — Abandoned River Beds. Published.
• Article 462 — New River Bed. Published.
• Article 463 — Isolated Land by a River Branch. Published.
• Article 464 — Islands on Seas and Navigable Rivers. Published.
• Article 465 — Islands on Non-navigable Rivers. Published.
• Article 466 — Adjunction (Conjunction). Published.
• Article 467 — Which Thing Is Principal. Published.
• Article 468 — Principal by Value or Volume. Published.
• Article 469 — Separation of United Things. Published.
• Article 470 — Bad Faith in Adjunction. Published.
• Article 471 — Form of Indemnity. Published.
• Article 472 — Mixture (Commixtion/Confusion). Published.
• Article 473 — Mixture by One Owner. Published.
• Article 474 — Specification. Published.
• Article 475 — Sentimental Value. Published.

Book II, Title II — Quieting of Title; Dangerous Constructions

• Article 476 — Action to Quiet Title. Published.
• Article 477 — Who May Sue to Quiet Title. Published.
• Article 478 — Quieting After Extinguished Obligation. Published.
• Article 479 — Return of Benefits. Published.
• Article 480 — General Law on Quieting of Title. Published.
• Article 481 — Procedure for Quieting of Title. Published.
• Article 482 — Dangerous Constructions. Published.
• Article 483 — A Tree Threatening to Fall Must Be Felled. Published.

Book II, Title III — Co-ownership

• Article 484 — What Is Co-ownership. Published.
• Article 485 — Shares in Benefits and Charges. Published.
• Article 486 — Use of the Common Thing. Published.
• Article 487 — Ejectment by a Co-owner. Published.
• Article 488 — Contribution to Expenses and Taxes. Published.
• Article 489 — Repairs and Improvements. Published.
• Article 490 — Storeys Owned Separately. Published.
• Article 491 — No Alterations Without Consent. Published.
• Article 494 — Right to Demand Partition. Published.
• Article 495 — When Physical Division Is Impossible. Published.
• Article 496 — How Partition Is Made. Published.
• Article 497 — Creditors in Partition. Published.
• Article 499 — Partition and Third Persons. Published.
• Article 500 — Accounting on Partition. Published.

Book II, Title V — Possession

• Article 523 — What Is Possession. Published.
• Article 524 — Possession Through Another. Published.
• Article 525 — Concepts of Possession. Published.
• Article 526 — Possessor in Good Faith and Bad Faith. Published.
• Article 527 — Good Faith Is Presumed. Published.
• Article 528 — When Good Faith Ceases. Published.
• Article 529 — Presumption of Continuity of Character. Published.
• Article 530 — What May Be Possessed. Published.
• Article 531 — How Possession Is Acquired. Published.
• Article 532 — Who May Acquire Possession. Published.
• Article 533 — Possession of Hereditary Property. Published.
• Article 535 — Possession by Minors and Incapacitated Persons. Published.
• Article 536 — No Possession by Force. Published.
• Article 537 — Acts That Do Not Affect Possession. Published.
• Article 538 — Preference of Possessors. Published.
• Article 539 — Protection of Possession. Published.
• Article 540 — Possession in the Concept of Owner as Title. Published.
• Article 541 — Presumption of Just Title. Published.
• Article 542 — Possession of Immovable Includes Movables. Published.
• Article 543 — Possession in Common. Published.
• Article 544 — Good-Faith Possessor's Right to Fruits. Published.
• Article 545 — Pending Fruits When Good Faith Ceases. Published.
• Article 546 — Necessary and Useful Expenses. Published.

Book II, Title VI — Usufruct — Extinguishment of Usufruct

• Article 612 — Return of the Thing and Cancellation of Security When Usufruct Ends. Published.

Book II, Title VII — Easements and Servitudes — Voluntary Easements

• Article 693 — The Servient Owner May Renounce Instead of Paying for Upkeep. Published.

Book III, Title II — Intellectual Creation

• Article 724 — Copyright and Patent Are Governed by Special Laws. Published.

Book III, Title IV — Succession — Rescission and Nullity of Partition

• Article 1105 — A Partition Naming a Non-Heir Is Void Only as to That Person. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Obligations: General Provisions

• Article 1156 — Definition of an Obligation. Published.
• Article 1157 — Sources of Obligations. Published.
• Article 1158 — Obligations From Law. Published.
• Article 1159 — Obligations From Contracts (Autonomy of Contracts). Published.
• Article 1160 — Obligations From Quasi-Contracts. Published.
• Article 1161 — Obligations From Delicts. Published.
• Article 1162 — Obligations From Quasi-Delicts. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Nature and Effect of Obligations

• Article 1163 — Diligence of a Good Father of a Family. Published.
• Article 1164 — Right to the Fruits. Published.
• Article 1165 — Remedies for Failure to Deliver. Published.
• Article 1166 — Accessions and Accessories. Published.
• Article 1167 — Failure in Obligations to Do. Published.
• Article 1168 — Obligations Not to Do. Published.
• Article 1169 — Delay (Mora). Published.
• Article 1170 — Liability for Fraud, Negligence, Delay. Published.
• Article 1171 — Waiver of Future Fraud Is Void. Published.
• Article 1172 — Liability for Negligence. Published.
• Article 1173 — What Negligence Is. Published.
• Article 1174 — Fortuitous Events. Published.
• Article 1175 — Usury. Published.
• Article 1176 — Presumptions on Receipts. Published.
• Article 1177 — Remedies of Creditors (Subrogatory and Rescissory Actions). Published.
• Article 1178 — Transmissibility of Rights. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Pure and Conditional Obligations

• Article 1179 — Pure Obligations; Resolutory Conditions. Published.
• Article 1180 — Payment 'When Means Permit'. Published.
• Article 1181 — Effect of Conditions. Published.
• Article 1182 — Potestative, Casual, and Mixed Conditions. Published.
• Article 1183 — Impossible and Unlawful Conditions. Published.
• Article 1184 — Positive Condition. Published.
• Article 1185 — Negative Condition. Published.
• Article 1186 — Constructive Fulfillment. Published.
• Article 1187 — Retroactivity of Conditions. Published.
• Article 1188 — Rights Pending the Condition. Published.
• Article 1189 — Loss, Deterioration, Improvement Pending a Suspensive Condition. Published.
• Article 1190 — Effect of a Resolutory Condition Fulfilled. Published.
• Article 1191 — Rescission of Reciprocal Obligations. Published.
• Article 1192 — Both Parties in Breach. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Obligations With a Period

• Article 1193 — Obligations With a Period; Day Certain. Published.
• Article 1194 — Loss Before the Period Arrives. Published.
• Article 1195 — Premature Payment. Published.
• Article 1196 — Period Presumed for Both Parties. Published.
• Article 1198 — When the Debtor Loses the Benefit of the Period. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Alternative and Facultative Obligations

• Article 1200 — Alternative Obligations; Right of Choice. Published.
• Article 1201 — Communication of the Choice. Published.
• Article 1202 — When Only One Prestation Is Practicable. Published.
• Article 1203 — Creditor's Acts Preventing Choice. Published.
• Article 1204 — Loss of All Alternatives Through Debtor's Fault. Published.
• Article 1205 — Loss When the Creditor Has the Choice. Published.
• Article 1206 — Facultative Obligations. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Joint and Solidary Obligations

• Article 1207 — Joint and Solidary Liability Defined. Published.
• Article 1208 — Presumption of Joint Obligation. Published.
• Article 1209 — Joint Indivisible Obligations. Published.
• Article 1210 — Indivisibility vs. Solidarity. Published.
• Article 1211 — Varied Terms Among Solidary Parties. Published.
• Article 1212 — Useful and Prejudicial Acts of a Solidary Creditor. Published.
• Article 1213 — Assignment by a Solidary Creditor. Published.
• Article 1214 — Payment to a Solidary Creditor. Published.
• Article 1215 — Novation, Compensation, Confusion, Remission by a Solidary Party. Published.
• Article 1216 — Creditor May Sue Any Solidary Debtor. Published.
• Article 1217 — Payment by a Solidary Debtor; Reimbursement. Published.
• Article 1218 — Payment After Prescription or Illegality. Published.
• Article 1220 — Remission Obtained by One Solidary Debtor. Published.
• Article 1221 — Loss of the Thing in Solidary Obligations. Published.
• Article 1222 — Defenses of a Solidary Debtor. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Divisible and Indivisible Obligations

• Article 1223 — Divisibility Does Not Alter a Single-Party Obligation. Published.
• Article 1224 — Breach of a Joint Indivisible Obligation. Published.
• Article 1225 — Which Obligations Are Divisible or Indivisible. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Obligations With a Penal Clause

• Article 1226 — Effect of a Penal Clause. Published.
• Article 1227 — No Escape by Paying the Penalty. Published.
• Article 1228 — Penalty Without Proof of Damage. Published.
• Article 1229 — Equitable Reduction of the Penalty. Published.
• Article 1230 — Nullity of the Penal Clause vs. the Principal. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Extinguishment of Obligations; Payment

• Article 1231 — Modes of Extinguishing Obligations. Published.
• Article 1232 — What 'Payment' Means. Published.
• Article 1233 — Payment Must Be Complete. Published.
• Article 1234 — Substantial Performance in Good Faith. Published.
• Article 1235 — Acceptance of Incomplete Performance. Published.
• Article 1236 — Payment by a Third Person. Published.
• Article 1237 — No Subrogation Without the Debtor's Consent. Published.
• Article 1238 — Payment Intended as a Donation. Published.
• Article 1239 — Capacity to Make Payment. Published.
• Article 1240 — To Whom Payment Must Be Made. Published.
• Article 1241 — Payment to an Incapacitated Person or a Third Person. Published.
• Article 1242 — Payment to a Possessor of the Credit. Published.
• Article 1243 — Payment After Garnishment. Published.
• Article 1244 — No Substitution of the Prestation. Published.
• Article 1245 — Dation in Payment. Published.
• Article 1246 — Quality of a Generic Thing. Published.
• Article 1247 — Expenses of Payment. Published.
• Article 1248 — No Partial Payment. Published.
• Article 1249 — Currency of Payment; Payment by Instruments. Published.
• Article 1250 — Extraordinary Inflation or Deflation. Published.
• Article 1251 — Place of Payment. Published.
• Article 1252 — Application of Payments. Published.
• Article 1253 — Interest Applied Before Principal. Published.
• Article 1254 — Application by Operation of Law. Published.
• Article 1255 — Payment by Cession. Published.
• Article 1256 — Tender of Payment and Consignation. Published.
• Article 1257 — Prior Notice of Consignation. Published.
• Article 1258 — How Consignation Is Made. Published.
• Article 1259 — Expenses of Consignation. Published.
• Article 1260 — Cancellation and Withdrawal After Consignation. Published.
• Article 1261 — Effect of Withdrawal Authorized by the Creditor. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Extinguishment: Loss of the Thing Due

• Article 1262 — Loss of a Determinate Thing. Published.
• Article 1263 — Loss of a Generic Thing (Genus Nunquam Perit). Published.
• Article 1264 — Partial Loss. Published.
• Article 1265 — Presumption of Fault on Loss. Published.
• Article 1266 — Impossibility in Obligations to Do. Published.
• Article 1267 — Doctrine of Unforeseen Difficulty (Rebus Sic Stantibus). Published.
• Article 1268 — Loss of a Thing Arising From a Crime. Published.
• Article 1269 — Creditor's Right to Actions Against Third Persons. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Extinguishment: Condonation or Remission

• Article 1270 — Condonation or Remission. Published.
• Article 1271 — Delivery of the Credit Document. Published.
• Article 1272 — Presumption From the Debtor's Possession of the Document. Published.
• Article 1273 — Remission of Principal vs. Accessory. Published.
• Article 1274 — Presumed Remission of Pledge. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Extinguishment: Confusion or Merger

• Article 1275 — Confusion or Merger. Published.
• Article 1276 — Confusion and Guarantors. Published.
• Article 1277 — Confusion in Joint Obligations. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Extinguishment: Compensation

• Article 1278 — Compensation Defined. Published.
• Article 1279 — Requisites of Legal Compensation. Published.
• Article 1280 — Guarantor's Right to Set Up Compensation. Published.
• Article 1281 — Total or Partial Compensation. Published.
• Article 1282 — Voluntary Compensation. Published.
• Article 1283 — Compensation of Damages Claims. Published.
• Article 1284 — Rescissible or Voidable Debts. Published.
• Article 1285 — Compensation and Assignment of Credit. Published.
• Article 1286 — Compensation Despite Different Places. Published.
• Article 1287 — Debts Excluded From Compensation (Deposit, Support). Published.
• Article 1288 — Civil Liability From a Crime. Published.
• Article 1289 — Order of Compensation. Published.
• Article 1290 — Compensation by Operation of Law. Published.

Book IV, Title I — Extinguishment: Novation

• Article 1291 — Modification of Obligations (Novation). Published.
• Article 1292 — Express or Implied Novation. Published.
• Article 1293 — Substitution of Debtor. Published.
• Article 1294 — Insolvency of the New Debtor (Expromision). Published.
• Article 1295 — Insolvency in Delegacion. Published.
• Article 1296 — Effect of Novation on Accessory Obligations. Published.
• Article 1297 — Void New Obligation. Published.
• Article 1298 — Void Original Obligation. Published.
• Article 1299 — Conditional Original Obligation. Published.
• Article 1300 — Legal and Conventional Subrogation. Published.
• Article 1301 — Conventional Subrogation. Published.
• Article 1302 — When Legal Subrogation Is Presumed. Published.
• Article 1303 — Effect of Subrogation. Published.
• Article 1304 — A Creditor's Remaining Right After Partial Subrogation. Published.

Book IV, Title II — Contracts: General Provisions

• Article 1305 — Definition of a Contract. Published.
• Article 1306 — Autonomy of Contracts (Freedom to Stipulate). Published.
• Article 1307 — Innominate Contracts. Published.
• Article 1308 — Mutuality of Contracts. Published.
• Article 1309 — Determination by a Third Person. Published.
• Article 1310 — Inequitable Determination. Published.
• Article 1311 — Relativity of Contracts; Stipulation Pour Autrui. Published.
• Article 1312 — Real Rights Bind Third Persons. Published.
• Article 1313 — Creditors Protected Against Fraud. Published.
• Article 1314 — Tortious Interference With Contract. Published.
• Article 1315 — Perfection by Consent (Consensual Contracts). Published.
• Article 1316 — Real Contracts. Published.
• Article 1317 — Contracts in the Name of Another (Unauthorized). Published.

Book IV, Title II — Contracts: Essential Requisites and Consent

• Article 1318 — Essential Requisites of a Contract. Published.
• Article 1319 — Consent: Offer and Acceptance. Published.
• Article 1320 — Express or Implied Acceptance. Published.
• Article 1321 — Terms of Acceptance. Published.
• Article 1322 — Offer Through an Agent. Published.
• Article 1323 — When an Offer Becomes Ineffective. Published.
• Article 1324 — Withdrawal of Offer; Option Contracts. Published.
• Article 1325 — Business Advertisements. Published.
• Article 1326 — Advertisements for Bidders. Published.
• Article 1327 — Who Cannot Give Consent. Published.
• Article 1328 — Lucid Intervals; Drunkenness; Hypnosis. Published.
• Article 1329 — Modifications to Incapacity. Published.
• Article 1330 — Vices of Consent. Published.
• Article 1331 — Mistake (Error). Published.
• Article 1332 — Burden Where a Party Cannot Read. Published.
• Article 1333 — Knowledge of the Risk. Published.
• Article 1334 — Mutual Error of Law. Published.
• Article 1335 — Violence and Intimidation. Published.
• Article 1336 — Violence by a Third Person. Published.
• Article 1337 — Undue Influence. Published.
• Article 1338 — Fraud (Dolo Causante). Published.
• Article 1339 — Fraud by Concealment. Published.
• Article 1340 — Dealer's Talk. Published.
• Article 1341 — Expression of Opinion. Published.
• Article 1342 — Misrepresentation by a Third Person. Published.
• Article 1343 — Misrepresentation in Good Faith. Published.
• Article 1344 — Causal vs. Incidental Fraud. Published.
• Article 1345 — Simulation of Contracts. Published.
• Article 1346 — Effect of Simulation. Published.

Book IV, Title II — Contracts: Object and Cause

• Article 1347 — Object of Contracts. Published.
• Article 1348 — Impossible Things or Services. Published.
• Article 1349 — Object Must Be Determinate. Published.
• Article 1350 — Cause of Contracts. Published.
• Article 1351 — Cause vs. Motive. Published.
• Article 1352 — Contracts Without or With Unlawful Cause. Published.
• Article 1353 — False Cause. Published.
• Article 1354 — Presumption of Cause. Published.
• Article 1355 — Lesion or Inadequacy of Cause. Published.

Book IV, Title II — Contracts: Form and Reformation

• Article 1356 — Form of Contracts. Published.
• Article 1357 — Right to Compel Execution of Form. Published.
• Article 1359 — Reformation of Instruments. Published.
• Article 1360 — General Law on Reformation. Published.

Book IV, Title II — Contracts: Reformation of Instruments

• Article 1361 — Reformation for Mutual Mistake. Published.
• Article 1362 — Reformation: Mistake of One, Fraud of the Other. Published.
• Article 1363 — Reformation: Concealed Knowledge. Published.
• Article 1364 — Reformation for Drafting Error. Published.
• Article 1365 — Mortgage/Pledge Stated as Sale. Published.
• Article 1366 — When Reformation Is Not Allowed. Published.
• Article 1367 — Enforcement Bars Reformation. Published.
• Article 1368 — Who May Seek Reformation. Published.
• Article 1369 — Procedure for Reformation. Published.

Book IV, Title II — Contracts: Interpretation

• Article 1370 — Literal Meaning Controls; Intent Prevails. Published.
• Article 1371 — Contemporaneous and Subsequent Acts. Published.
• Article 1372 — General Terms Limited. Published.
• Article 1373 — Interpretation Toward Effectiveness. Published.
• Article 1374 — Stipulations Read Together. Published.
• Article 1375 — Words With Several Meanings. Published.
• Article 1376 — Usage and Custom. Published.
• Article 1377 — Ambiguity Against the Drafter (Contra Proferentem). Published.
• Article 1378 — Doubts of Last Resort. Published.
• Article 1379 — Rules of Court on Interpretation. Published.

Book IV, Title II — Rescissible Contracts

• Article 1380 — Rescissible Contracts. Published.
• Article 1381 — Which Contracts Are Rescissible. Published.
• Article 1382 — Rescissible Payments in Insolvency. Published.
• Article 1383 — Rescission Is Subsidiary. Published.
• Article 1384 — Rescission Limited to Damage. Published.
• Article 1385 — Mutual Restitution; Limits. Published.
• Article 1386 — Court-Approved Contracts. Published.
• Article 1388 — Bad-Faith Acquirer's Liability. Published.
• Article 1389 — Prescriptive Period for Rescission. Published.

Book IV, Title II — Voidable Contracts

• Article 1390 — Voidable Contracts. Published.
• Article 1391 — Four Years to Annul. Published.
• Article 1392 — Ratification Bars Annulment. Published.
• Article 1393 — Express or Tacit Ratification. Published.
• Article 1394 — Ratification by the Guardian. Published.
• Article 1395 — No Need for the Other Party's Consent. Published.
• Article 1396 — Retroactive Effect of Ratification. Published.
• Article 1397 — Who May Sue for Annulment. Published.
• Article 1398 — Mutual Restitution on Annulment. Published.
• Article 1399 — Restitution by an Incapacitated Party. Published.
• Article 1400 — Loss of the Thing to Be Returned. Published.
• Article 1401 — Loss Extinguishing the Annulment Action. Published.
• Article 1402 — Mutual Restitution Is Reciprocal. Published.

Book IV, Title II — Unenforceable Contracts

• Article 1404 — Unauthorized Contracts. Published.
• Article 1405 — Ratification Under the Statute of Frauds. Published.
• Article 1406 — Right to Compel a Public Document. Published.
• Article 1407 — Both Parties Incapable. Published.
• Article 1408 — Third Persons and Unenforceable Contracts. Published.

Book IV, Title II — Void or Inexistent Contracts

• Article 1409 — Void or Inexistent Contracts. Published.
• Article 1410 — Imprescriptibility of Void Contracts. Published.
• Article 1411 — In Pari Delicto: Criminal Cause. Published.
• Article 1412 — In Pari Delicto: Non-Criminal. Published.
• Article 1413 — Recovery of Usurious Interest. Published.
• Article 1414 — Repudiation Before the Illegal Purpose. Published.
• Article 1415 — Recovery by an Incapacitated Party. Published.
• Article 1417 — Recovery of Price Above a Legal Maximum. Published.
• Article 1418 — Excess Hours of Labor. Published.
• Article 1419 — Below-Minimum Wage. Published.
• Article 1420 — Divisible Illegal Contracts. Published.
• Article 1421 — Illegality and Third Persons. Published.
• Article 1422 — A Contract That Is the Fruit of an Earlier Illegal Contract. Published.

Book IV, Title III — Natural Obligations

• Article 1423 — Civil and Natural Obligations. Published.
• Article 1424 — Performance After Prescription. Published.
• Article 1425 — Third-Person Payment of a Prescribed Debt. Published.
• Article 1427 — Payment by a Minor 18-21. Published.
• Article 1428 — Performance After a Failed Suit. Published.
• Article 1429 — Heir Paying Beyond the Inheritance. Published.
• Article 1430 — Paying a Legacy Under a Formally Defective Will. Published.

Book IV, Title IV — Estoppel

• Article 1431 — Nature of Estoppel. Published.
• Article 1432 — Principles of Estoppel Adopted. Published.
• Article 1434 — After-Acquired Title. Published.
• Article 1435 — Agent's Estoppel. Published.
• Article 1436 — Lessee/Bailee Estoppel. Published.
• Article 1437 — Estoppel in Land Transactions. Published.
• Article 1438 — Estoppel Regarding Pledged Personalty. Published.
• Article 1439 — Estoppel Binds Only the Parties and Their Successors. Published.

Book IV, Title V — Trusts

• Article 1440 — Trust Terminology. Published.
• Article 1441 — Express and Implied Trusts. Published.
• Article 1442 — General Law of Trusts Adopted. Published.
• Article 1443 — Express Trust Over Immovables. Published.
• Article 1444 — No Particular Words Needed. Published.
• Article 1445 — Trustee's Declination. Published.
• Article 1446 — Beneficiary's Acceptance. Published.
• Article 1447 — Enumeration of Implied Trusts Not Exclusive. Published.
• Article 1448 — Purchase-Money Resulting Trust. Published.
• Article 1449 — Trust From a Donation. Published.
• Article 1450 — Trust From a Loaned Purchase Price. Published.
• Article 1451 — Trust From Succession. Published.
• Article 1452 — Trust Among Co-Purchasers. Published.
• Article 1453 — Trust From a Declared Intention to Hold. Published.
• Article 1454 — Conveyance as Security (Trust). Published.
• Article 1455 — Fiduciary's Misuse of Trust Funds. Published.
• Article 1456 — Constructive Trust From Fraud or Mistake. Published.
• Article 1457 — An Implied Trust May Be Proved by Oral Evidence. Published.

Book IV, Title VI — Sales: Nature and Form

• Article 1458 — Contract of Sale Defined. Published.
• Article 1459 — Licit Object; Right to Transfer. Published.
• Article 1461 — Sale of Things With Potential Existence. Published.
• Article 1462 — Existing and Future Goods. Published.
• Article 1463 — Sale of an Undivided Interest. Published.
• Article 1465 — Things Under a Resolutory Condition. Published.
• Article 1466 — Sale vs. Agency to Sell. Published.
• Article 1467 — Sale vs. Piece of Work. Published.
• Article 1468 — Sale vs. Barter. Published.
• Article 1469 — Price Certain. Published.
• Article 1470 — Gross Inadequacy of Price. Published.
• Article 1471 — Simulated Price. Published.

Book IV, Title VI — Sales — Delivery of the Thing Sold

• Article 1532 — How the Unpaid Seller Exercises Stoppage in Transitu. Published.

Book IV, Title VI — Sales — Assignment of Credits and Other Incorporeal Rights

• Article 1637 — Sales of Immovables Remain Subject to Registration Law. Published.

Book IV, Title VIII — Common Carriers

• Article 1766 — Common Carriers Are Governed Suppletorily by the Code of Commerce. Published.

Book IV, Title IX — Partnership — Obligations to Third Persons

• Article 1822 — Partnership Liability for a Partner's Wrongful Act. Published.

Book IV, Title IX — Partnership — Limited Partnership

• Article 1865 — Amending or Cancelling a Limited Partnership Certificate. Published.
• Article 1867 — Transitioning a Pre-Code Limited Partnership Into This Chapter. Published.

Book IV, Title X — Agency — Modes of Extinguishment

• Article 1932 — An Agent's Heirs Must Notify the Principal of the Agent's Death. Published.

Book IV, Title XI — Loan — Commodatum

• Article 1946 — When the Bailor May Demand the Thing Back. Published.

Book IV, Title XI — Loan — Simple Loan or Mutuum

• Article 1961 — Usurious Contracts Are Governed by the Usury Law. Published.

Book IV, Title XII — Deposit — Judicial Deposit (Sequestration)

• Article 2009 — Judicial Sequestration Is Governed by the Rules of Court. Published.

Book IV, Title XIII — Aleatory Contracts

• Article 2027 — Proof the Annuitant Is Alive Is Required to Claim an Annuity. Published.

Book IV, Title XIV — Compromises and Arbitrations

• Article 2046 — Arbitration Procedure Is Governed by Supreme Court Rules. Published.

Book IV, Title XVI — Chattel Mortgage

• Article 2141 — Chattel Mortgages Are Governed Suppletorily by the Rules on Pledge. Published.

Book IV, Title XVII — Quasi-Contracts — Other Quasi-Contracts

• Article 2168 — Compensation for Property Saved During a Calamity. Published.

Book IV, Title XVII — Quasi-Delicts

• Article 2194 — Solidary Liability for a Quasi-Delict. Published.

Book IV, Title XVIII — Damages — Exemplary or Corrective Damages

• Article 2235 — A Stipulation Waiving Exemplary Damages in Advance Is Void. Published.