Text of the provision
Art. 445. Whatever is built, planted or sown on the land of another and the improvements or repairs made thereon, belong to the owner of the land, subject to the provisions of the following articles.
(358)
Civil Code of the Philippines, Republic Act No. 386, approved June 18, 1949, effective August 30, 1950. Reproduced in full; verified verbatim against the LawPhil and ChanRobles official-text renderings.
What this article means
Whatever is built, planted, or sown on another's land, and the improvements or repairs on it, belong to the landowner — subject to the good-faith/bad-faith rules that follow. This is the principle that the accessory follows the principal (accessio cedit principali).
Related provisions
- Article 444 — When Fruits Are Deemed Existing.
- Article 446 — Presumption of Owner's Work.
Cases interpreting this article
- Authorities on this article will be added here as each is verified against primary sources.
Note. The text of the provision above is reproduced in full from the official enactment (Republic Act No. 386), verified against the LawPhil and ChanRobles renderings. The annotation and commentary around it are the work of Vivas & Nobles Law Office and are general legal information, not legal advice. How a provision applies to a particular situation depends on facts that only a lawyer reviewing your case can assess.