Civil Code, Article 1432 — Principles of Estoppel Adopted

What this article means

The principles of estoppel are adopted insofar as they do not conflict with the Code, the Code of Commerce, the Rules of Court, and special laws.

Estoppel is the principle that a person who, by words or conduct, leads another to believe and act on a certain state of facts cannot later turn around and assert a contrary position to that person's detriment. Because the Civil Code does not attempt to codify every application of the doctrine, this article incorporates the broader body of estoppel principles wholesale, subject only to the qualification that they must not conflict with the Code itself, the Code of Commerce, the Rules of Court, or special laws already in force.

Questions about this provision

• If someone's words or actions led me to rely on something, can they later deny it in court?

Related provisions

• Article 1431 — Nature of Estoppel.
• Article 1434 — After-Acquired Title.

Cases citing this article

• Rommel Genio y Santos vs. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 261666, January 24, 2024 — read the decision on LawPhil →
• Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. Toledo Power Company, G.R. No. 259309, February 13, 2023 — read the decision on LawPhil →
• Republic of the Philippines vs. Sixto Sundiam, et al, G.R. No. 236381, August 27, 2020 — read the decision on LawPhil →
• Commission on Elections, et al. vs. Aksyon Magsasaka – Tinig Partido ng Masa (AKMA-PTM), G.R. No. 246816, September 15, 2020 — read the decision on LawPhil →
• People of the Philippines vs. Industrial Insurance Company, Inc, G.R. No. 222955, October 16, 2019 — read the decision on LawPhil →

Compiled automatically from Supreme Court decisions published on LawPhil that expressly cite this article, most frequently cited first. A listing means the decision cites the provision — it is not a statement that the case is the leading authority, and it does not show whether a ruling has since been modified or abandoned. Always read the decision itself.