Text of the provision
Art. 1345. Simulation of a contract may be absolute or relative. The former takes place when the parties do not intend to be bound at all; the latter, when the parties conceal their true agreement.
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Civil Code of the Philippines, Republic Act No. 386, approved June 18, 1949, effective August 30, 1950. Reproduced in full; verified verbatim against the LawPhil and ChanRobles official-text renderings.
What this article means
Simulation is absolute when the parties do not intend to be bound at all, and relative when they conceal their true agreement behind an apparent one.
Questions about this provision
Related provisions
- Article 1344 — Causal vs. Incidental Fraud.
- Article 1346 — Effect of Simulation.
Cases citing this article
- Edward C. Ciacho vs. Spouses Adolfo T. De Guia And Fe Alma V. De Guia ; and Bayani S. Cerilla , Substituted By His Heirs, Mary Bernadette G. Cerilla and Byatres Mari Cerilla-Bohol, G.R. No. 259051, February 26, 2025 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- Emerson P. Valenzuela, Valentino P. Valenzuela, and Marty P. Valenzuela vs. Sps. Danilo Pabilani and Eleonor Pabilani, Sps. Leticia and Joseph Mattingly, G.R. No. 241330, December 5, 2022 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- Felix Chingkoe and Rosita Chingkoe vs. Faustino Chingkoe and Gloria Chingkoe, G.R. No. 244076, March 16, 2022 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- ATCI Overseas Corporation and Amalia G. Ikdal vs. Asset Pool A (SPV-AMC), Inc, G.R. No. 250523, June 28, 2021 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- Myrna C. Pasco vs. Isabel Cuenca, Romeo M. Ytang, Jr., and Esther C. Ytang, G.R. No. 214319, November 4, 2020 — read the decision on LawPhil →
Compiled automatically from Supreme Court decisions published on LawPhil that expressly cite this article, most frequently cited first. A listing means the decision cites the provision — it is not a statement that the case is the leading authority, and it does not show whether a ruling has since been modified or abandoned. Always read the decision itself.