Text of the provision
Sec. 31. Alteration in document, how to explain. — The party producing a document as genuine which has been altered and appears to have been altered after its execution, in a part material to the question in dispute, must account for the alteration. He or she may show that the alteration was made by another, without his or her concurrence, or was made with the consent of the parties affected by it, or was otherwise properly or innocently made, or that the alteration did not change the meaning or language of the instrument. If he or she fails to do that, the document shall not be admissible in evidence. (31 a)
2019 Revised Rules on Evidence (A.M. No. 19-08-15-SC), Rule 132, Section 31. Reproduced verbatim and verified against the Supreme Court's official published text and the ChanRobles rendering.
About this section
This is Section 31 of Rule 132 (Presentation Of Evidence) of the 2019 Revised Rules on Evidence, the rules promulgated by the Supreme Court in A.M. No. 19-08-15-SC and in force since May 1, 2020. The text above is reproduced verbatim from the current rules.
Questions about this provision
Questions about this provision
Related provisions
- Section 30 — Proof of notarial documents.
- Section 32 — Seal.
Cases citing this section
- Authorities on this section will be added here as each is verified against primary sources.