Text of the provision
Art. 2232. In contracts and quasi-contracts, the court may award exemplary damages if the defendant acted in a wanton, fraudulent, reckless, oppressive, or malevolent manner.
Civil Code of the Philippines, Republic Act No. 386, approved June 18, 1949, effective August 30, 1950. Reproduced in full; verified verbatim against the LawPhil and ChanRobles official-text renderings.
What this article means
In contracts and quasi-contracts, the court may award exemplary damages if the defendant acted in a wanton, fraudulent, reckless, oppressive or malevolent manner.
Questions about this provision
Related provisions
- Article 2231 — Exemplary Damages in Quasi-Delicts.
- Article 2233 — Not a Matter of Right.
Cases citing this article
- Philippine Airlines, Inc. Vs. Court of Appeals, et al, G.R. No. 123238, September 22, 2008 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- M.Y. Intercontinental Trading Corporation, Tedwin T. Uy, and Allianz Marketing and Publishing Corporation vs. St. Mary'S Publishing Corporation, G.R. No. 249715, April 12, 2023 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- Luisito C. Reyes vs. Jebsens Maritime, Inc. and Alfa Ship & Crew Management GMBH ndez, represented by Lourdes H. Tionson, G.R. No. 230502, February 15, 2022 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- United Coconut Planters Bank, Inc. vs. E. Ganzon, Inc, G.R. No. 244247, November 10, 2021 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- Joy M. Villarico vs. D.M. Consunji, Inc., and Madeline B. Gacutan, G.R. No. 255602, August 4, 2021 — read the decision on LawPhil →
Compiled automatically from Supreme Court decisions published on LawPhil that expressly cite this article, most frequently cited first. A listing means the decision cites the provision — it is not a statement that the case is the leading authority, and it does not show whether a ruling has since been modified or abandoned. Always read the decision itself.