Text of the provision

Art. 1439. Estoppel is effective only as between the parties thereto or their successors in interest.

Civil Code of the Philippines, Republic Act No. 386, approved June 18, 1949, effective August 30, 1950. Reproduced in full; verified verbatim against the LawPhil and ChanRobles renderings and the Official Gazette, all three of which agree word for word.

What this article means

The closing article of the Title on Estoppel, immediately before Trusts begins. Estoppel is a personal doctrine: it operates only between the parties to the act, declaration, or omission that gave rise to it, or their successors in interest — the people who stepped into a party's shoes by inheritance, assignment, or similar succession. A stranger to the original transaction is neither bound by, nor entitled to invoke, an estoppel that arose between others.

Related provisions

Cases interpreting this article

Note. The text of the provision above is reproduced in full from the official enactment (Republic Act No. 386), verified against the LawPhil and ChanRobles renderings. The annotation and commentary around it are the work of Vivas & Nobles Law Office and are general legal information, not legal advice. How a provision applies to a particular situation depends on facts that only a lawyer reviewing your case can assess.