Text of the provision
Art. 1231. Obligations are extinguished:
(1) By payment or performance;
(2) By the loss of the thing due;
(3) By the condonation or remission of the debt;
(4) By the confusion or merger of the rights of creditor and debtor;
(5) By compensation;
(6) By novation. Other causes of extinguishment of obligations, such as annulment, rescission, fulfillment of a resolutory condition, and prescription, are governed elsewhere in this Code.
(1156a)
Civil Code of the Philippines, Republic Act No. 386, approved June 18, 1949, effective August 30, 1950. Reproduced in full; verified verbatim against the LawPhil and ChanRobles official-text renderings.
What this article means
Obligations are extinguished by payment/performance, loss of the thing due, condonation (remission), confusion (merger), compensation, and novation. Other causes — annulment, rescission, a resolutory condition, and prescription — are governed elsewhere in the Code.
Questions about this provision
Related provisions
- Article 1230 — Nullity of the Penal Clause vs. the Principal.
- Article 1232 — What 'Payment' Means.
Cases citing this article
- Ruby Shelter Builders vs. Romeo Y. Tan, G.R. No. 217368, August 5, 2024 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- Sheriff Albert A. Dela Cruz of the Sandiganbayan Security and Sheriff Services, the Sandiganbayan Security and Sheriff Services vs. Wellex Group, Inc, G.R. No. 247439, August 23, 2023 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- Standard Chartered Bank, Philippine Branch vs. Philippine Investment Two (SPV-AMC) Inc., Philippine Investment One (SPV-AMC), Inc, G.R. No. 216608, April 26, 2023 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- Marissa B. Bacani vs. Rosita D. Madio, G.R. No. 218637, February 1, 2023 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- Asian Construction and Development Corporation vs. Mero Structures, Inc., substituted by Novum Structures Llc, G.R. No. 221147, September 29, 2021 — read the decision on LawPhil →
Compiled automatically from Supreme Court decisions published on LawPhil that expressly cite this article, most frequently cited first. A listing means the decision cites the provision — it is not a statement that the case is the leading authority, and it does not show whether a ruling has since been modified or abandoned. Always read the decision itself.