Short answer. Yes, within limits. Rule 132, Section 23 provides that public documents other than official entries are evidence, even against a third person, of the fact which gave rise to their execution and of its date. So a public document can be used against someone who was not a party to it, though only for that limited purpose.
What the law says
Documents consisting of entries in public records made in the performance of a duty by a public officer are prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated
Rule 132, Section 23 — Public documents as evidence. Read the full provision →
What the law says
All other public documents are evidence, even against a third person, of the fact which gave rise to their execution and of the date of the latter
Rule 132, Section 23 — Public documents as evidence. Read the full provision →
The two categories Section 23 draws
Rule 132, Section 23 splits public documents into two groups with different evidentiary effect: "Documents consisting of entries in public records made in the performance of a duty by a public officer are prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated. All other public documents are evidence, even against a third person, of the fact which gave rise to their execution and of the date of the latter." Which sentence applies depends on what kind of public document is involved.
Entries made in the performance of official duty
For a document that is an entry in a public record, made by a public officer performing a duty, the standard is that it is "prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated." This first sentence does not itself say anything about third persons one way or the other — it simply describes how much weight this category of document carries as evidence of what it states, subject to being contradicted by other proof.
All other public documents reach a third person
The second sentence is where your question is answered directly: "All other public documents are evidence, even against a third person, of the fact which gave rise to their execution and of the date of the latter." The words "even against a third person" are explicit — this category of public document is not limited to proving something only between the people who made or appear in it.
What exactly it proves against a non-party
The reach against a third person is specific, not unlimited. The document is evidence, even against someone who was not a party to it, of two things only: "the fact which gave rise to their execution" and "the date of the latter." That is narrower than saying the document proves the truth of everything it says against a non-party — it establishes that the document was executed, and when, not necessarily every statement contained inside it.