Text of the provision
Art. 28. Unfair competition in agricultural, commercial or industrial enterprises or in labor through the use of force, intimidation, deceit, machination or any other unjust, oppressive or highhanded method shall give rise to a right of action by the person who thereby suffers damage.
Civil Code of the Philippines, Republic Act No. 386, approved June 18, 1949, effective August 30, 1950. Reproduced in full; verified verbatim against the LawPhil and ChanRobles official-text renderings.
What this article means
This creates a civil remedy for unfair competition in business or labor. Competition is lawful and encouraged — but not when waged through force, intimidation, deceit, machination, or other unjust, oppressive or high-handed methods. A competitor (or worker) who suffers damage from such tactics may sue. It is broader than the criminal/IP concept of unfair competition, reaching any dishonest or coercive interference with trade.
Related provisions
- Article 19 — the good-faith standard.
- Article 20 — damage caused contrary to law.
Cases interpreting this article
- Authorities on this article will be added here as each is verified against primary sources.