Text of the provision
Art. 2199. Except as provided by law or by stipulation, one is entitled to an adequate compensation only for such pecuniary loss suffered by him as he has duly proved. Such compensation is referred to as actual or compensatory damages.
Civil Code of the Philippines, Republic Act No. 386, approved June 18, 1949, effective August 30, 1950. Reproduced in full; verified verbatim against the LawPhil and ChanRobles official-text renderings.
What this article means
Except as provided by law or stipulation, one is entitled to adequate compensation only for pecuniary loss duly proved. Such compensation is called actual or compensatory damages — receipts and evidence, not estimates.
Questions about this provision
- I want to claim compensation for money I actually lost because of an accident — what do I need to show the court to get it?
- What do I need to prove to recover actual damages in the Philippines?
Related provisions
- Article 2198 — General Law on Damages Adopted.
- Article 2200 — Loss Suffered and Profits Not Realized.
Cases citing this article
- Industrial Personnel And Management Services, Inc. vs. Country Bankers Insurance Corporation, G.R. No. 194126, October 17, 2018 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- Filipinas Synthetic Fiber Corporation vs. Wilfredo De Los Santos, et al, G.R. No. 152033, March 16, 2011 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- G.Q. Garments, Inc. vs. Angel Miranda, et al, G.R. No. 161722, July 20, 2006 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- Marikina Auto Line Transport Corporation, et al. vs. People of The Philippines, et al, G.R. No. 152040, March 31, 2006 — read the decision on LawPhil →
- People of the Philippines vs. Natalie Caluducan and Tessie Tugaoen (at large), G.R. No. 268486, February 19, 2026 — read the decision on LawPhil →
Compiled automatically from Supreme Court decisions published on LawPhil that expressly cite this article, most frequently cited first. A listing means the decision cites the provision — it is not a statement that the case is the leading authority, and it does not show whether a ruling has since been modified or abandoned. Always read the decision itself.