Short answer. Yes. Article 2015 says that where the winner cheats, he must pay exemplary damages of not less than the sum you lost, on top of returning that sum. So a cheated loser can recover more than the loss itself. The gambling-house operator or manager is subsidiarily liable for the same.
What the law says
If cheating or deceit is committed by the winner, he, and subsidiarily the operator or manager of the gambling house, shall pay by way of exemplary damages, not less than the equivalent of the sum lost, in addition to the latter amount
Civil Code, Article 2015 — Cheating in Gambling. Read the full provision →
Cheating turns the loss into double
Ordinary gambling losses are recoverable from the winner as the plain amount paid. Cheating changes the arithmetic. Article 2015 provides that where cheating or deceit is committed by the winner, he, and subsidiarily the operator or manager of the gambling house, shall pay by way of exemplary damages, not less than the equivalent of the sum lost, in addition to the latter amount. You get back what you lost, and on top of it a further sum by way of exemplary damages. The floor for that additional sum is the amount you lost, so a cheated loser can walk away with at least twice the loss.
"Not less than" is a floor, not a fixed figure
The exemplary damages are set at not less than the sum lost, which means the amount you lost is the minimum, not the ceiling. Exemplary damages are imposed to punish and deter, so a court is free to award more than the floor where the deceit was especially bad, measuring the award to the wrongdoing rather than mechanically doubling the stake. What the article guarantees the honest loser is that the punitive component cannot fall below the amount taken from him; how far above that it goes is left to the court's assessment of the cheating involved.
The house stands behind the cheat
Liability is not the winner's alone. The article makes the operator or manager of the gambling house subsidiarily liable, meaning they answer if the winner cannot. That secondary exposure matters in practice, because the individual who cheated you may be gone or without means, while the establishment that ran the game is findable and solvent. The order is fixed, though: the winner is primarily liable and the house is reached only after him, so a claim is properly pressed against the cheat first, with the operator or manager standing behind as the backstop the law provides.
What you have to be able to show
The doubling turns entirely on proving the cheating or deceit, which is the difficult part rather than the amount. Whatever records the loss and points to how the game was rigged is what carries the claim — messages, the mechanics of the swindle, others taken in the same way. One caution sits alongside this: the enhanced recovery is for the honest loser. If you cheated too, a separate rule closes the courts to both sides, so the same facts that prove the winner's fraud must not also reveal your own.