Short answer. Potentially yes. Article 1413 of the Civil Code says interest paid in excess of the interest allowed by the usury laws may be recovered by the debtor, with interest thereon from the date of the payment. What counts as excessive today, though, is governed by rules that have changed since the article was written.
What the law says
Interest paid in excess of the interest allowed by the usury laws may be recovered by the debtor, with interest thereon from the date of the payment.
Civil Code, Article 1413 — Recovery of Usurious Interest. Read the full provision →
The article lets the borrower claw back the excess
Article 1413 sits on the borrower's side. It provides that interest paid in excess of the interest allowed by the usury laws may be recovered by the debtor, with interest thereon from the date of the payment. Two things stand out. First, it is the excess portion, not the whole payment, that may be recovered, so the principal and lawful interest remain due. Second, the recoverable excess itself earns interest running from when you paid it, which compensates you for the time the lender held money he was not entitled to. The provision recognises that a borrower who has already paid an unlawful charge should not simply lose it because the payment was made.
What "allowed by the usury laws" means now
The catch is the reference point. The article measures the excess against what the usury laws allow, and the fixed statutory interest ceilings that once existed have long been suspended by monetary regulation. In practice there is usually no rigid numerical cap that automatically labels a rate usurious. That does not leave borrowers unprotected. Courts retain the power to strike down interest that is excessive, iniquitous or unconscionable, and to reduce it to a reasonable level. So the modern question is less "did the rate exceed a fixed limit" and more "was the rate so excessive as to be unconscionable," with the surplus over what is upheld being the amount at stake.
How recovery usually plays out
Where interest is found excessive, the typical result is that the offending rate is voided or reduced and the borrower is credited or repaid the amount overpaid, consistent with the recovery Article 1413 contemplates. The lawful interest and the principal survive; it is only the unconscionable surplus that falls. To pursue this you would generally need the loan documents, a clear record of every payment, and a computation showing what was charged against what should lawfully have been due. The difference is the excess you are trying to recover, with interest from the dates you paid it.
Practical limits to keep in mind
A claim like this is not open forever; actions to recover carry time limits, so delay can defeat an otherwise good case. And because what is "excessive" is now a matter of judgment rather than a bright line, outcomes depend heavily on the specific rate, the circumstances of the loan and the bargaining positions of the parties. Nobody can promise how a particular rate will be treated. If you believe you were overcharged, gathering your loan papers and payment history and having the numbers reviewed is the sensible first step toward finding out what, if anything, is recoverable.