Short answer. It depends on which court convicted you. Appeals from the Metropolitan, Municipal, or Municipal Circuit Trial Courts go to the Regional Trial Court; appeals from the Regional Trial Court go to the Court of Appeals or Supreme Court as the law provides; and appeals from the Court of Appeals go to the Supreme Court.
What the law says
The appeal may be taken as follows: (a) To the Regional Trial Court, in cases decided by the Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court in Cities, Municipal Trial Court, or Municipal Circuit Trial Court; (b) To the Court of Appeals or to the Supreme Court in the proper cases provided by law, in cases decided by the Regional Trial Court; and (c) To the Supreme Court, in cases decided by the Court of Appeals.
Rule 122, Section 2 — Where to appeal. Read the full provision →
From the first-level trial courts, the appeal goes to the RTC
Where the conviction was rendered by the Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court in Cities, Municipal Trial Court, or Municipal Circuit Trial Court, the appeal goes to the Regional Trial Court. These are the first-level trial courts, and the Regional Trial Court is the immediate appellate destination for their criminal judgments, not the Court of Appeals directly at that stage.
From the Regional Trial Court, it depends on what the law provides
A conviction from the Regional Trial Court is appealed to the Court of Appeals or to the Supreme Court in the proper cases provided by law. Which of the two applies is not left to the appellant's choice — it depends on what the applicable law provides for the particular kind of case being appealed, such as the penalty imposed or the nature of the offense.
From the Court of Appeals, the appeal goes to the Supreme Court
Where the Court of Appeals has already decided the case, the further appeal goes to the Supreme Court. This is the top of the appellate ladder described in this rule — beyond the Supreme Court, there is no further court to which this kind of appeal can be taken within the Philippine judicial system.
This final tier is reserved specifically for cases the Court of Appeals has already fully reviewed and decided squarely on their actual merits.
Why identifying the correct appellate court matters
Filing an appeal with the wrong court wastes time an appellant often cannot afford, given the strict periods for perfecting an appeal. Before filing, an appellant should confirm exactly which court rendered the conviction being appealed, since that is what fixes which court the appeal must actually be brought to under this rule, not the appellant's own preference or convenience.