Short answer. Yes. Under Article 1793, a partner who has collected his share of a partnership credit while the other partners have not collected theirs must bring what he received back to the partnership capital if the debtor later becomes insolvent — even if he only gave a receipt for his own share.
What the law says
shall be obliged, if the debtor should thereafter become insolvent, to bring to the partnership capital what he received even though he may have given receipt for his share only
Civil Code, Article 1793 — Return of a Partly-Collected Partnership Credit. Read the full provision →
The duty to bring your collection back
Article 1793 is aimed exactly at your situation. A partner who has received, in whole or in part, his share of a partnership credit, when the other partners have not collected theirs, shall be obliged, if the debtor should thereafter become insolvent, to bring to the partnership capital what he received even though he may have given receipt for his share only. So even though you collected only your own portion, and even though your receipt said as much, the later insolvency of the debtor triggers a duty to return what you took to the common fund. The money you pocketed does not simply stay yours once the debtor goes under.
Why the law demands equal sharing of the loss
The rule exists to keep partners on equal footing when a debtor fails. If one partner could keep the share he happened to collect while the others recover nothing from an insolvent debtor, he would enjoy full payment while his co-partners bear the whole shortfall. That is the unfairness the article prevents. By requiring the collecting partner to bring his collection back into the partnership capital, the law spreads the loss from the insolvency across all the partners according to their interests, rather than letting timing or luck decide who gets paid. The partnership relationship carries a duty of good faith that this provision concretely enforces.
The conditions that must line up
The obligation depends on specific facts. First, the credit must be one owed to the partnership, and you must have collected your share of it while the other partners had not collected theirs. Second, the debtor must afterward become insolvent. If the other partners had already collected their shares too, or if the debtor remains solvent and able to pay everyone, the trigger for returning the money is absent. The article is narrow in this sense: it is the combination of a partial collection ahead of the others plus the debtor's later insolvency that creates the duty to bring the amount back.
What it means going forward
In practice, this means a partner should be cautious about treating an early individual collection on a partnership credit as money he can keep free and clear. Until the debtor is safely paid in full to all, an amount collected ahead of the others may have to be surrendered to the common fund if insolvency strikes. Once returned, it is treated as partnership capital and shared under the ordinary rules on partnership assets and losses. The provision does not punish the collecting partner; it simply refuses to let the accident of who collected first shift the burden of a bad debt onto the partners who waited.