Short answer. No. Once an heir voluntarily pays a decedent's debt beyond the value of what he received from the estate, the payment is valid and cannot be rescinded by the payer. The law will not let you claw back money you chose to hand over knowing the estate did not owe that much.
What the law says
the payment is valid and cannot be rescinded by the payer
Civil Code, Article 1429 — Heir Paying Beyond the Inheritance. Read the full provision →
The payment stands
Article 1429 is blunt about it. Where a testate or intestate heir voluntarily pays a debt of the decedent exceeding the value of the property which he received, the payment is valid and cannot be rescinded by the payer. An heir is not personally liable for the decedent's debts past what the estate gave him; the estate answers first, and the heir's exposure is capped at his inheritance. So paying more than that was never something the law required. Having done it anyway, freely, you cannot later treat the excess as a mistake and demand it back.
"Voluntarily" is the word that matters
The rule bites only on a payment that was genuinely free. If you paid because you were misled about the size of the debt, threatened, or acting under a real mistake of fact about your liability, that is a different situation altogether, and the payment may be attacked on those separate grounds rather than under this article. What Article 1429 forecloses is the change of heart: paying with full knowledge that the estate did not owe that much, and then regretting the generosity. The provision treats that as a settled natural obligation, honoured and closed, not a loan to the creditor.
What it does not decide
The article governs your relationship with the creditor, not necessarily your relationship with the other heirs. If the debt you paid was a genuine obligation of the estate that all the heirs should have shouldered, whether you can seek contribution from co-heirs for their proportionate shares is a separate question of reimbursement among heirs, and it turns on whether the debt was truly chargeable to the estate. What you cannot do is unwind the transaction with the creditor and recover the payment itself once it was made voluntarily.
Check before you conclude you are stuck
Before treating the money as gone, pin down two things. First, was the payment truly voluntary and informed, or was there pressure, concealment or a genuine error about what you owed? Second, was the debt a real charge on the estate, so that reimbursement from co-heirs is at least on the table? Gather the demand letters, receipts and the settlement records that show what the estate owed and what each heir received. Those documents decide whether your only realistic route is contribution from co-heirs rather than recovery from the creditor.